ἐσκοτίσθη
skotízō
was darkened
To make dark, to cause darkness (literal); to obscure, make unclear, or render unintelligible (figurative). The verb fundamentally means to cause something to become deprived of light, but is frequently used metaphorically in Greek literature and the New Testament for making thoughts, minds, or understanding obscure or clouded.
Romans 1:21 · Word #18
Lexicon G4654
| Lemma | σκοτίζω |
| Transliteration | skotízō |
| Strong's | G4654 |
| Definition | To make dark, to cause darkness (literal); to obscure, make unclear, or render unintelligible (figurative). The verb fundamentally means to cause something to become deprived of light, but is frequently used metaphorically in Greek literature and the New Testament for making thoughts, minds, or understanding obscure or clouded. |
Morphology V AOR PASS IND 3P SG
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | V — Verb — An action or state of being |
| Tense | AOR — Aorist — Simple occurrence, often past |
| Voice | PASS — Passive — The subject receives the action |
| Mood | IND — Indicative — States a fact or reality |
| Person | 3P — 3rd person — The one spoken about ("he/she/it/they") |
| Number | SG — Singular — One |
Common Translation
| Phrase | was darkened |
| Literal | was-darkened |
Lexical Info
| Lemma | σκοτίζω |
| Strong's | G4654 |
SIBI-P1 Translation G4654-01
was darkened
| Morphological Notes | Verb; aorist tense (simple/completed action), passive voice (subject receives the action), indicative mood, 3rd person singular. |
| Rendering Rationale | The aorist passive indicative 3rd singular form denotes a completed action received by the subject. "Was darkened" preserves the causative root sense of being made dark or obscured while reflecting the passive voice and simple past aspect. |
View full lexicon entry for G4654 →
SILEX v2
SIBI-P2 (Context-Aware)
was darkened
| Same as P1 | Yes |
| Rationale | 'Was darkened' accurately renders eskotisthe in this context as aorist passive indicative. |