Nehemiah 13

Upon returning to Jerusalem after an absence, Nehemiah discovers that the people have broken their covenant vows and implements sweeping reforms: he removes Tobiah the Ammonite from the temple, restores the Levites' support through proper tithing, enforces Sabbath observance by preventing commerce on the holy day, and addresses intermarriage with foreign women through confrontation and curses.[1][2][3] These reforms address the spiritual and moral compromise that had occurred during his absence, purifying the priesthood, restoring temple service, and reestablishing the people's commitment to YHWH's commandments.[1][3]

Interlinear Text

Verse 1
Verse 2
Verse 5
וַ/יַּ֨עַשׂ 𐤅/𐤉𐤏𐤔 vayaas and he made and he did HC/Vqw3ms ל֜/וֹ 𐤋/𐤅 lo for him HR/Sp3ms לִשְׁכָּ֣ה 𐤋𐤔𐤊𐤄 lishekah a chamber designated chamber HNcfsa גְדוֹלָ֗ה 𐤂𐤃𐤅𐤋𐤄 gedolah great great HAafsa וְ/שָׁ֣ם 𐤅/𐤔𐤌 vesham and there and there HC/D הָי֪וּ 𐤄𐤉𐤅 hayu they had been they were HVqp3cp לְ/פָנִ֟ים 𐤋/𐤐𐤍𐤉𐤌 lefanim formerly to the face/front HR/Ncbpa נֹ֠תְנִים 𐤍𐤕𐤍𐤉𐤌 notenim the givers the giving-ones HVqrmpa אֶת 𐤀𐤕 et [direct object marker] object-marker HTo הַ/מִּנְחָ֨ה 𐤄/𐤌𐤍𐤇𐤄 haminechah the grain offering the apportioned offering HTd/Ncfsa הַ/לְּבוֹנָ֜ה 𐤄/𐤋𐤁𐤅𐤍𐤄 halevonah the frankincense the white-purifying resin HTd/Ncfsa וְ/הַ/כֵּלִ֗ים 𐤅/𐤄/𐤊𐤋𐤉𐤌 vehakelim and the vessels and the prepared implements HC/Td/Ncmpa וּ/מַעְשַׂ֤ר 𐤅/𐤌𐤏𐤔𐤓 umaesar and tithe and tenth-part of HC/Ncmsc הַ/דָּגָן֙ 𐤄/𐤃𐤂𐤍 hadagan of the grain the abundant grain HTd/Ncmsa הַ/תִּיר֣וֹשׁ 𐤄/𐤕𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤔 hatirosh the new wine the fresh-pressed grape-juice HTd/Ncmsa וְ/הַ/יִּצְהָ֔ר 𐤅/𐤄/𐤉𐤑𐤄𐤓 vehayitsehar and the oil and the bright oil HC/Td/Ncmsa מִצְוַת֙ 𐤌𐤑𐤅𐤕 mitsevat commandment command of HNcfsc הַ/לְוִיִּ֔ם 𐤄/𐤋𐤅𐤉𐤌 haleviyim of the Levites the Levites the Leviyim HTd/Ngmpa וְ/הַ/מְשֹׁרְרִ֖ים 𐤅/𐤄/𐤌𐤔𐤓𐤓𐤉𐤌 vehameshorerim and the singers and the singing-ones HC/Td/Vormpa וְ/הַ/שֹּׁעֲרִ֑ים 𐤅/𐤄/𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉𐤌 vehashoarim and the gatekeepers and the gate-guards HC/Td/Ncmpa וּ/תְרוּמַ֖ת 𐤅/𐤕𐤓𐤅𐤌𐤕 uterumat and contribution and raised-offering of HC/Ncfsc הַ/כֹּהֲנִֽים 𐤄/𐤊𐤄𐤍𐤉𐤌 hakohanim of the priests the officiating-priests HTd/Ncmpa
Verse 6
Verse 7
Verse 13
וָ/אוֹצְרָ֣/ה 𐤅/𐤀𐤅𐤑𐤓/𐤄 vaotserah and I appointed and I caused to store up HC/Vhw1cs/Sh עַל 𐤏𐤋 al over upon HR א֠וֹצָרוֹת 𐤀𐤅𐤑𐤓𐤅𐤕 otsarot the treasuries storehouses HNcmpa שֶׁלֶמְיָ֨ה 𐤔𐤋𐤌𐤉𐤄 shelemeyah Shelemiah Yah has made whole Shelemeyah HNp הַ/כֹּהֵ֜ן 𐤄/𐤊𐤄𐤍 hakohen the priest the officiating priest HTd/Ncmsa וְ/צָד֣וֹק 𐤅/𐤑𐤃𐤅𐤒 vetsadoq and Zadok and Righteous-one and Tsadoq HC/Np הַ/סּוֹפֵ֗ר 𐤄/𐤎𐤅𐤐𐤓 hasofer the scribe the record-keeper HTd/Ncmsa וּ/פְדָיָה֙ 𐤅/𐤐𐤃𐤉𐤄 ufedayah and Pedaiah and Yah-has-ransomed and Pedayah HC/Np מִן 𐤌𐤍 min of from HR הַ/לְוִיִּ֔ם 𐤄/𐤋𐤅𐤉𐤌 haleviyim the Levites the Levites the Leviyim HTd/Ngmpa וְ/עַל 𐤅/𐤏𐤋 veal and over and upon HC/R יָדָ֔/ם 𐤉𐤃/𐤌 yadam their hand their hand HNcbsc/Sp3mp חָנָ֥ן 𐤇𐤍𐤍 chanan Hanan he showed favor Chanan HNp בֶּן 𐤁𐤍 ben Bene (Bemba) son son HNcmsc זַכּ֖וּר 𐤆𐤊𐤅𐤓 zakur of Zaccur Remembered one Zakur HNp בֶּן 𐤁𐤍 ben-2 Bene (Bemba) son son HNcmsc מַתַּנְיָ֑ה 𐤌𐤕𐤍𐤉𐤄 mataneyah of Mattaniah Gift of Yah Mataneyah HNp כִּ֤י 𐤊𐤉 ki for for/because HC נֶאֱמָנִים֙ 𐤍𐤀𐤌𐤍𐤉𐤌 neemanim faithful faithful ones HVNrmpa נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ 𐤍𐤇𐤔𐤁𐤅 necheshavu they were considered were reckoned HVNp3cp וַ/עֲלֵי/הֶ֖ם 𐤅/𐤏𐤋𐤉/𐤄𐤌 vaaleyhem and over them and over them HC/R/Sp3mp לַ/חֲלֹ֥ק 𐤋/𐤇𐤋𐤒 lachaloq to distribute to apportion HR/Vqc לַ/אֲחֵי/הֶֽם 𐤋/𐤀𐤇𐤉/𐤄𐤌 laacheyhem to their brothers to their brothers HR/Ncmpc/Sp3mp
Verse 15
בַּ/יָּמִ֣ים 𐤁/𐤉𐤌𐤉𐤌 bayamim In those days in the days HRd/Ncmpa הָ/הֵ֡מָּה 𐤄/𐤄𐤌𐤄 hahemah those they HTd/Pp3mp רָאִ֣יתִי 𐤓𐤀𐤉𐤕𐤉 raiti I saw I saw HVqp1cs בִֽ/יהוּדָ֣ה 𐤁/𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤃𐤄 vihudah in Judah And Yehudah in Yehudah HR/Np דֹּֽרְכִֽים 𐤃𐤓𐤊𐤉𐤌 dorekhim treading those who tread HVqrmpa גִּתּ֣וֹת 𐤂𐤕𐤅𐤕 gitot winepresses grape-presses HNcfpa בַּ/שַּׁבָּ֡ת 𐤁/𐤔𐤁𐤕 bashabat on the Sabbath in the ceasing-day HRd/Ncbsa וּ/מְבִיאִ֣ים 𐤅/𐤌𐤁𐤉𐤀𐤉𐤌 umeviim and bringing and bringers-in HC/Vhrmpa הָ/עֲרֵמ֣וֹת 𐤄/𐤏𐤓𐤌𐤅𐤕 haaremot heaps the gathered heaps HTd/Ncfpa וְֽ/עֹמְסִ֪ים 𐤅/𐤏𐤌𐤎𐤉𐤌 veomesim and loading and those loading HC/Vqrmpa עַל 𐤏𐤋 al on upon HR הַ/חֲמֹרִ֟ים 𐤄/𐤇𐤌𐤓𐤉𐤌 hachamorim donkeys the male donkeys HTd/Ncbpa וְ/אַף 𐤅/𐤀𐤐 veaf and also and even HC/D יַ֜יִן 𐤉𐤉𐤍 yayin wine fermented grape wine HNcmsa עֲנָבִ֤ים 𐤏𐤍𐤁𐤉𐤌 anavim grapes grapes HNcmpa וּ/תְאֵנִים֙ 𐤅/𐤕𐤀𐤍𐤉𐤌 uteenim and figs and figs HC/Ncfpa וְ/כָל 𐤅/𐤊𐤋 vekhal and all and whole of HC/Ncmsc מַשָּׂ֔א 𐤌𐤔𐤀 masa manner of burdens burden of HNcmsa וּ/מְבִיאִ֥ים 𐤅/𐤌𐤁𐤉𐤀𐤉𐤌 umeviim-2 bringing and bringers-in HC/Vhrmpa יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤌 yerushalaim into Jerusalem Foundation of Wholeness Yerushalam HNp בְּ/י֣וֹם 𐤁/𐤉𐤅𐤌 beyom on the day in the day of HR/Ncmsc הַ/שַּׁבָּ֑ת 𐤄/𐤔𐤁𐤕 hashabat of the Sabbath the rest-period HTd/Ncbsa וָ/אָעִ֕יד 𐤅/𐤀𐤏𐤉𐤃 vaaid and I testified and I solemnly warned HC/Vhw1cs בְּ/י֖וֹם 𐤁/𐤉𐤅𐤌 beyom-2 on the day in the day of HR/Ncmsc מִכְרָ֥/ם 𐤌𐤊𐤓/𐤌 mikheram wherein they sold their sale HVqc/Sp3mp צָֽיִד 𐤑𐤉𐤃 tsayid victuals hunted game HNcmsa
Verse 17
Verse 18
הֲ/ל֨וֹא 𐤄/𐤋𐤅𐤀 halo Did not is it not? HTi/Tn כֹ֤ה 𐤊𐤄 khoh thus thus HD עָשׂוּ֙ 𐤏𐤔𐤅 asu do they did HVqp3cp אֲבֹ֣תֵי/כֶ֔ם 𐤀𐤁𐤕𐤉/𐤊𐤌 avoteykhem your fathers your fathers HNcmpc/Sp2mp וַ/יָּבֵ֨א 𐤅/𐤉𐤁𐤀 vayave and brought and he brought in HC/Vhw3ms אֱלֹהֵ֜י/נוּ 𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉/𐤍𐤅 eloheynu Mulimu (Lozi) our God our mighty ones HNcmpc/Sp1cp עָלֵ֗י/נוּ 𐤏𐤋𐤉/𐤍𐤅 aleynu upon us upon us HR/Sp1cp אֵ֚ת 𐤀𐤕 et [direct object marker] object-marker HTo כָּל 𐤊𐤋 kal all entirety of HNcmsc הָ/רָעָ֣ה 𐤄/𐤓𐤏𐤄 haraah evil the evil HTd/Ncfsa הַ/זֹּ֔את 𐤄/𐤆𐤀𐤕 hazot this this one HTd/Pdxfs וְ/עַ֖ל 𐤅/𐤏𐤋 veal and upon and upon HC/R הָ/עִ֣יר 𐤄/𐤏𐤉𐤓 hair city the watchful settlement HTd/Ncfsa הַ/זֹּ֑את 𐤄/𐤆𐤀𐤕 hazot-2 this this one HTd/Pdxfs וְ/אַתֶּ֞ם 𐤅/𐤀𐤕𐤌 veatem and you and you men HC/Pp2mp מוֹסִיפִ֤ים 𐤌𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤐𐤉𐤌 mosifim are adding those bringing in HVhrmpa חָרוֹן֙ 𐤇𐤓𐤅𐤍 charon wrath burning-heat of HNcmsa עַל 𐤏𐤋 al upon upon HR יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋 yiserael Israel El-Contends Yiserael HNp לְ/חַלֵּ֖ל 𐤋/𐤇𐤋𐤋 lechalel to profane to profane HR/Vpc אֶת 𐤀𐤕 et-2 [direct object marker] object-marker HTo הַ/שַּׁבָּֽת 𐤄/𐤔𐤁𐤕 hashabat the Sabbath the rest-period HTd/Ncbsa
Verse 19
וַ/יְהִ֡י 𐤅/𐤉𐤄𐤉 vayehi And it was and he became HC/Vqw3ms כַּ/אֲשֶׁ֣ר 𐤊/𐤀𐤔𐤓 kaasher as as that which HR/Tr צָֽלֲלוּ֩ 𐤑𐤋𐤋𐤅 tsalalu they grew dark they grew dark HVqp3cp שַׁעֲרֵ֨י 𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉 shaarey gates gates of HNcmpc יְרוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤌 yerushalaim Jerusalem Foundation of Wholeness Yerushalam HNp לִ/פְנֵ֣י 𐤋/𐤐𐤍𐤉 lifeney before to the face of HR/Ncbpc הַ/שַּׁבָּ֗ת 𐤄/𐤔𐤁𐤕 hashabat the Sabbath the rest-period HTd/Ncbsa וָ/אֹֽמְרָ/ה֙ 𐤅/𐤀𐤌𐤓/𐤄 vaomerah and I commanded and I said HC/Vqw1cs/Sh וַ/יִּסָּגְר֣וּ 𐤅/𐤉𐤎𐤂𐤓𐤅 vayisageru and they were shut and they were shut in HC/VNw3mp הַ/דְּלָת֔וֹת 𐤄/𐤃𐤋𐤕𐤅𐤕 hadelatot the doors the hanging door-panels HTd/Ncfpa וָ/אֹ֣מְרָ֔/ה 𐤅/𐤀𐤌𐤓/𐤄 vaomerah-2 and charged and I said HC/Vqw1cs/Sh אֲשֶׁר֙ 𐤀𐤔𐤓 asher that that-which HTr לֹ֣א 𐤋𐤀 lo not not HTn יִפְתָּח֔וּ/ם 𐤉𐤐𐤕𐤇𐤅/𐤌 yifetachum they should open them they will open them HVqi3mp/Sp3mp עַ֖ד 𐤏𐤃 ad until up to HR אַחַ֣ר 𐤀𐤇𐤓 achar after after, behind HR הַ/שַּׁבָּ֑ת 𐤄/𐤔𐤁𐤕 hashabat-2 the Sabbath the rest-period HTd/Ncbsa וּ/מִ/נְּעָרַ֗/י 𐤅/𐤌/𐤍𐤏𐤓/𐤉 uminearay and some of my servants my stirred-up youths HC/R/Ncmpc/Sp1cs הֶֽעֱמַ֨דְתִּי֙ 𐤄𐤏𐤌𐤃𐤕𐤉 heemadeti I stationed I caused to stand HVhp1cs עַל 𐤏𐤋 al at upon HR הַ/שְּׁעָרִ֔ים 𐤄/𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉𐤌 hashearim the gates the gates HTd/Ncmpa לֹא 𐤋𐤀 lo-2 that no not HTn יָב֥וֹא 𐤉𐤁𐤅𐤀 yavo would enter he comes HVqi3ms מַשָּׂ֖א 𐤌𐤔𐤀 masa burden burden of HNcmsa בְּ/י֥וֹם 𐤁/𐤉𐤅𐤌 beyom on day in the day of HR/Ncmsc הַ/שַּׁבָּֽת 𐤄/𐤔𐤁𐤕 hashabat-3 the Sabbath the rest-period HTd/Ncbsa
Verse 21
Verse 22
וָ/אֹמְרָ֣/ה 𐤅/𐤀𐤌𐤓/𐤄 vaomerah And I commanded and I said HC/Vqw1cs/Sh לַ/לְוִיִּ֗ם 𐤋/𐤋𐤅𐤉𐤌 laleviyim the Levites to the Levite-descendants to Leviyim HRd/Ngmpa אֲשֶׁ֨ר 𐤀𐤔𐤓 asher that that-which HTr יִֽהְי֤וּ 𐤉𐤄𐤉𐤅 yiheyu they should be they will become HVqi3mp מִֽטַּהֲרִים֙ 𐤌𐤈𐤄𐤓𐤉𐤌 mitaharim purifying those purifying themselves HVtrmpa וּ/בָאִים֙ 𐤅/𐤁𐤀𐤉𐤌 uvaim and coming and coming ones HC/Vqrmpa שֹׁמְרִ֣ים 𐤔𐤌𐤓𐤉𐤌 shomerim keepers guarding ones HVqrmpa הַ/שְּׁעָרִ֔ים 𐤄/𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉𐤌 hashearim of the gates the gates HTd/Ncmpa לְ/קַדֵּ֖שׁ 𐤋/𐤒𐤃𐤔 leqadesh to sanctify to set apart as holy HR/Vpc אֶת 𐤀𐤕 et direct object marker object-marker HTo י֣וֹם 𐤉𐤅𐤌 yom day day HNcmsc הַ/שַּׁבָּ֑ת 𐤄/𐤔𐤁𐤕 hashabat the Sabbath the rest-period HTd/Ncbsa גַּם 𐤂𐤌 gam also also HTa זֹאת֙ 𐤆𐤀𐤕 zot this this one HPdxfs זָכְרָ/ה 𐤆𐤊𐤓/𐤄 zakherah remember she remembered HVqv2ms/Sh לִּ֣/י 𐤋/𐤉 li to me HR/Sp1cs אֱלֹהַ֔/י 𐤀𐤋𐤄/𐤉 elohay Mulimu (Lozi) my God my mighty ones HNcmpc/Sp1cs וְ/ח֥וּסָ/ה 𐤅/𐤇𐤅𐤎/𐤄 vechusah and spare and have compassion HC/Vqv2ms/Sh עָלַ֖/י 𐤏𐤋/𐤉 alay on me upon me HR/Sp1cs כְּ/רֹ֥ב 𐤊/𐤓𐤁 kerov according to the multitude according to abundance HR/Ncbsc חַסְדֶּֽ/ךָ 𐤇𐤎𐤃/𐤊 chasedekha of Your mercy your steadfast loyalty HNcmsc/Sp2ms
Verse 25
וָ/אָרִ֤יב 𐤅/𐤀𐤓𐤉𐤁 vaariv and I contended and I contended HC/Vqw1cs עִמָּ/ם֙ 𐤏𐤌/𐤌 imam with them with them HR/Sp3mp וָ/אֲקַֽלְלֵ֔/ם 𐤅/𐤀𐤒𐤋𐤋/𐤌 vaaqalelem and I cursed them and I declared them contemptible HC/Vpw1cs/Sp3mp וָ/אַכֶּ֥ה 𐤅/𐤀𐤊𐤄 vaakeh and I beat and I struck HC/Vhw1cs מֵ/הֶ֛ם 𐤌/𐤄𐤌 mehem some of HR/Sp3mp אֲנָשִׁ֖ים 𐤀𐤍𐤔𐤉𐤌 anashim men men HNcmpa וָֽ/אֶמְרְטֵ֑/ם 𐤅/𐤀𐤌𐤓𐤈/𐤌 vaemeretem and I plucked them and I stripped them bare HC/Vqw1cs/Sp3mp וָ/אַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣/ם 𐤅/𐤀𐤔𐤁𐤉𐤏/𐤌 vaashebiem and I made them swear and I made them swear HC/Vhw1cs/Sp3mp בֵּֽ/אלֹהִ֗ים 𐤁/𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉𐤌 belohim Mulimu (Lozi) by God in mighty ones HR/Ncmpa אִם 𐤀𐤌 im if if / whether HC תִּתְּנ֤וּ 𐤕𐤕𐤍𐤅 titenu you give you will give HVqi2mp בְנֹֽתֵי/כֶם֙ 𐤁𐤍𐤕𐤉/𐤊𐤌 venoteykhem your daughters your built-up daughters HNcfpc/Sp2mp לִ/בְנֵי/הֶ֔ם 𐤋/𐤁𐤍𐤉/𐤄𐤌 liveneyhem Bene (Bemba) to their sons to their sons HR/Ncmpc/Sp3mp וְ/אִם 𐤅/𐤀𐤌 veim or if and if HC/C תִּשְׂאוּ֙ 𐤕𐤔𐤀𐤅 tiseu you take you (masculine plural) will lift/carry HVqi2mp מִ/בְּנֹ֣תֵי/הֶ֔ם 𐤌/𐤁𐤍𐤕𐤉/𐤄𐤌 mibenoteyhem from their daughters from their daughters HR/Ncfpc/Sp3mp לִ/בְנֵי/כֶ֖ם 𐤋/𐤁𐤍𐤉/𐤊𐤌 liveneykhem Bene (Bemba) for your sons to your sons HR/Ncmpc/Sp2mp וְ/לָ/כֶֽם 𐤅/𐤋/𐤊𐤌 velakhem or for yourselves HC/R/Sp2mp
Verse 26
הֲ/ל֣וֹא 𐤄/𐤋𐤅𐤀 halo Did not is it not? HTi/Tn עַל 𐤏𐤋 al because of upon HR אֵ֣לֶּה 𐤀𐤋𐤄 eleh these things these ones HPdxcp חָטָֽא 𐤇𐤈𐤀 chata sin he missed the mark HVqp3ms שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 𐤔𐤋𐤌𐤄 shelomoh Solomon Peaceful-one Shelomoh HNp מֶ֣לֶךְ 𐤌𐤋𐤊 melekhe king king of HNcmsc יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל 𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋 yiserael of Israel El-Contends Yiserael HNp וּ/בַ/גּוֹיִ֣ם 𐤅/𐤁/𐤂𐤅𐤉𐤌 uvagoyim and among the nations and in the people-groups HC/Rd/Ncmpa הָ/רַבִּים֩ 𐤄/𐤓𐤁𐤉𐤌 harabim the many the many HTd/Aampa לֹֽא 𐤋𐤀 lo not not HTn הָיָ֨ה 𐤄𐤉𐤄 hayah was he was / he became HVqp3ms מֶ֜לֶךְ 𐤌𐤋𐤊 melekhe-2 a king king of HNcmsa כָּמֹ֗/הוּ 𐤊𐤌/𐤄𐤅 kamohu like him like him HR/Sp3ms וְ/אָה֤וּב 𐤅/𐤀𐤄𐤅𐤁 veahuv and beloved and loved one HC/Vqsmsa לֵֽ/אלֹהָי/ו֙ 𐤋/𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉/𐤅 lelohayv Mulimu (Lozi) by his God to his Mighty-One HR/Ncmpc/Sp3ms הָיָ֔ה 𐤄𐤉𐤄 hayah-2 he was he was / he became HVqp3ms וַ/יִּתְּנֵ֣/הוּ 𐤅/𐤉𐤕𐤍/𐤄𐤅 vayitenehu and made him and he gave him HC/Vqw3ms/Sp3ms אֱלֹהִ֔ים 𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉𐤌 elohim Mulimu (Lozi) God mighty ones HNcmpa מֶ֖לֶךְ 𐤌𐤋𐤊 melekhe-3 king king of HNcmsa עַל 𐤏𐤋 al-2 over upon HR כָּל 𐤊𐤋 kal all entirety of HNcmsc יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋 yiserael-2 Israel El-Contends Yiserael HNp גַּם 𐤂𐤌 gam even also HTa אוֹת֣/וֹ 𐤀𐤅𐤕/𐤅 oto him him HTo/Sp3ms הֶחֱטִ֔יאוּ 𐤄𐤇𐤈𐤉𐤀𐤅 hechetiu caused to sin they caused to err HVhp3cp הַ/נָּשִׁ֖ים 𐤄/𐤍𐤔𐤉𐤌 hanashim the women the women HTd/Ncfpa הַ/נָּכְרִיּֽוֹת 𐤄/𐤍𐤊𐤓𐤉𐤅𐤕 hanakheriot the foreign the foreign women HTd/Aafpa