וַ/יֶּ֤קֶשׁ
𐤅/𐤉𐤒𐤔
qâshâh
and he stiffened
To be hard or difficult in character or circumstance; to be severe, stubborn, or unyielding, whether of persons, actions, or situations. The verb קָשָׁה (qāshâ) can refer to physical hardness, harshness in dealing with others, stubbornness of attitude (especially in the phrase 'stiff-necked'), the severity of labor, the difficulty of experiences, or expressions of cruelty or hardship. The word expresses a range of tangible and abstract 'hardness.'
2 Chronicles 36:13 · Word #8
Lexicon H7185
| Lemma | קָשָׁה |
| Lemma (Paleo) | 𐤒𐤔𐤄 |
| Transliteration | qâshâh |
| Strong's | H7185 |
| Definition | To be hard or difficult in character or circumstance; to be severe, stubborn, or unyielding, whether of persons, actions, or situations. The verb קָשָׁה (qāshâ) can refer to physical hardness, harshness in dealing with others, stubbornness of attitude (especially in the phrase 'stiff-necked'), the severity of labor, the difficulty of experiences, or expressions of cruelty or hardship. The word expresses a range of tangible and abstract 'hardness.' |
Morphology HC/Vhw3ms
All morphology codes
| Part of Speech | V — Verb — An action or state |
| Binyan | h — Hiphil — Causative active |
| Conjugation | w — Sequential Imperfect — Imperfect with waw-consecutive, narrating past events |
| Person | 3 — 3rd person — Third person ("he/she/they") |
| Gender | m — Masculine — Masculine |
| Number | s — Singular — Singular |
Common Translation
| Phrase | and he stiffened |
SIBI-P1 Translation H7185-13
and he made hard
| Morphological Notes | Verb; Hiphil (causative) sequential imperfect; 3rd person masculine singular. |
| Rendering Rationale | The Hiphil stem conveys causation, so the verb expresses causing hardness or severity rather than simply being hard. The sequential imperfect 3ms form is rendered "and he made hard," preserving both the causative force and the masculine singular subject. |
View full lexicon entry for H7185 →
SILEX v2
SIBI-P2 (Context-Aware)
and he stiffened
| Same as P1 | No — adjusted for context |
| Rationale | 'and he stiffened' more faithfully matches the stubborn/hard sense in context, whereas P1 'and he made hard' is less idiomatic in this use. |